๐Ÿ‡ฏ๐Ÿ‡ต JAPANESE ยท N5 GRAMMAR

Grammar 09 โ€” Verb Groups & ใพใ™-Form

ใฉใ†ใ—ใฎ ใ‚ฐใƒซใƒผใƒ— ใจ ใพใ™  ยท  Doushi no Guruupu to Masu

Grammar Explanation & Practice

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๐Ÿ“‹ Formation Reference โ€” Verb Groups & ใพใ™-Form

How to identify Japanese verb groups and convert to polite ใพใ™-form. Press โ–ถ to hear examples.

Dictionary Formใพใ™-FormMeaningโ–ถ
ใ‹ใ ใ‹ใใพใ™
kakimasu
to write
ใฏใชใ™ ใฏใชใ—ใพใ™
hanashimasu
to speak
ใพใค ใพใกใพใ™
machimasu
to wait
ใฎใ‚€ ใฎใฟใพใ™
nomimasu
to drink
ใ‚ใใถ ใ‚ใใณใพใ™
asobimasu
to play
ใ‹ใ† ใ‹ใ„ใพใ™
kaimasu
to buy
Dictionary Formใพใ™-FormMeaningโ–ถ
ใŸในใ‚‹ ใŸในใพใ™
tabemasu
to eat
ใฟใ‚‹ ใฟใพใ™
mimasu
to see / to watch
ใŠใใ‚‹ ใŠใใพใ™
okimasu
to wake up
ใญใ‚‹ ใญใพใ™
nemasu
to sleep
Dictionary Formใพใ™-FormMeaningโ–ถ
ใ™ใ‚‹ ใ—ใพใ™
shimasu
to do
ใใ‚‹ ใใพใ™
kimasu
to come
FormใŸในใ‚‹ (Group 2)ใ‹ใ (Group 1)
Present โœ“ ใŸในใพใ™
tabemasu
ใ‹ใใพใ™
kakimasu
Present โœ— ใŸในใพใ›ใ‚“
tabemasen
ใ‹ใใพใ›ใ‚“
kakimasen
Past โœ“ ใŸในใพใ—ใŸ
tabemashita
ใ‹ใใพใ—ใŸ
kakimashita
Past โœ— ใŸในใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ
tabemasen deshita
ใ‹ใใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ
kakimasen deshita
VerbMeaningGroupใพใ™-Form
ใ‹ใˆใ‚‹ to return Group 1 ใ‹ใˆใ‚Šใพใ™
ใฏใ„ใ‚‹ to enter Group 1 ใฏใ„ใ‚Šใพใ™
ใ—ใ‚‹ to know Group 1 ใ—ใ‚Šใพใ™
ใฏใ—ใ‚‹ to run Group 1 ใฏใ—ใ‚Šใพใ™
ใใ‚‹ to cut Group 1 ใใ‚Šใพใ™

๐Ÿ—ฃ Example Sentences

See how ใพใ™-form works in context. Press โ–ถ to hear each sentence.

PRESENT & HABITUAL
Habit
ใพใ„ใ‚ใ• ใ‚ใใ˜ใซ ใŠใใพใ™ใ€‚
Maiasa roku-ji ni okimasu.
I wake up at 6 every morning.
ใพใ„ใ‚ใ• ใ‚ใใ˜ใซ ใŠใใพใ™
maiasa roku-ji ni okimasu
→ "I wake up at 6 every morning." (Group 2: ใŠใใ‚‹ โ†’ ใŠใใพใ™)
Study
ใซใปใ‚“ใ”ใ‚’ ในใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใ†ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
Nihongo o benkyou shimasu.
I study Japanese.
ใซใปใ‚“ใ”ใ‚’ ในใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใ† ใ—ใพใ™
nihongo o benkyou shimasu
→ "I study Japanese." (ใ™ใ‚‹ compound verb)
Invitation
ใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใ‚’ ใฎใฟใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹ใ€‚
Koohii o nomimasen ka.
Would you like to drink coffee?
Weekend
ใ—ใ‚…ใ†ใพใค ใชใซใ‚’ ใ—ใพใ™ใ‹ใ€‚
Shuumatsu nani o shimasu ka.
What will you do on the weekend?
PAST TENSE
Past โœ“
ใใฎใ† ใˆใ„ใŒใ‚’ ใฟใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
Kinou eiga o mimashita.
I watched a movie yesterday.
Past โœ—
ใใฎใ† ใŒใฃใ“ใ†ใซ ใ„ใใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
Kinou gakkou ni ikimasen deshita.
I didn't go to school yesterday.
ใใฎใ† ใŒใฃใ“ใ†ใซ ใ„ใใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ
kinou gakkou ni ikimasen deshita
→ "I didn't go to school yesterday." (Group 1: ใ„ใ โ†’ ใ„ใใพใ™ โ†’ past negative)
Past โœ“
ใฆใŒใฟใ‚’ ใ‹ใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
Tegami o kakimashita.
I wrote a letter.
IRREGULAR VERBS
ใใ‚‹
ใจใ‚‚ใ ใกใŒ ใใพใ™ใ€‚
Tomodachi ga kimasu.
A friend is coming.
Group 2 shortcut: vowel before ใ‚‹ is ใˆ or ใ„ โ†’ probably Group 2
โœ… GROUP 2 (ru-verb)
ใŸในใ‚‹ โ†’ ใŸในใพใ™
taberu โ†’ tabemasu
to eat โ†’ eats (polite)
Vowel before ใ‚‹ is ใˆ (e) โ†’ Group 2. Simply drop ใ‚‹ and add ใพใ™.
โš  TRICKY โ€” LOOKS like Group 2
ใ‹ใˆใ‚‹ โ†’ ใ‹ใˆใ‚Šใพใ™
kaeru โ†’ kaerimasu
to return โ†’ returns (polite)
Ends in ใˆใ‚‹ but is Group 1. Must memorise these exceptions.
Group 1 ใพใ™ rule: change final kana to its ใ„-row equivalent
โœ… CORRECT
ใฎใ‚€ โ†’ ใฎใฟใพใ™
nomu โ†’ nomimasu
to drink โ†’ drinks (polite)
ใ‚€ (mu) โ†’ ใฟ (mi) + ใพใ™. Always shift to the ใ„-row.
โŒ COMMON MISTAKE
ใฎใ‚€ โ†’ โœ— ใฎใ‚€ใพใ™
nomu โ†’ โœ— nomumasu
Leaving the ใ†-row kana unchanged
Never attach ใพใ™ directly to the dictionary form of a Group 1 verb.
๏ฝžใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹ โ€” polite invitation
โœ… INVITATION
ใ„ใฃใ—ใ‚‡ใซ ใŸในใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹ใ€‚
Issho ni tabemasen ka.
Shall we eat together?
๏ฝžใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹ adds a soft, polite invitation nuance.
โœ… NEGATIVE QUESTION
ใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใ‚’ ใฎใฟใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹ใ€‚
Koohii o nomimasen ka.
Would you like some coffee?
Same form โ€” context determines whether it is an invitation or a plain negative question.
Irregular verbs: ใ™ใ‚‹ โ†’ ใ—ใพใ™, ใใ‚‹ โ†’ ใใพใ™
โœ… CORRECT
ในใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใ†ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
Benkyou shimasu.
I study. (ใ™ใ‚‹ compound)
Any noun + ใ™ใ‚‹ becomes a verb. ใ™ใ‚‹ โ†’ ใ—ใพใ™ in polite form.
โŒ COMMON MISTAKE
โœ— ในใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใ†ใ—ใพใ™ โ†’ ในใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใ†ใ—ใพใ™
โœ— confusing ใใ‚‹ โ†’ ใใพใ™ with ใใ‚‹ (to cut) โ†’ ใใ‚Šใพใ™
ใใพใ™ = comes. ใใ‚Šใพใ™ = cuts.
ใใพใ™ (from ใใ‚‹) and ใใ‚Šใพใ™ (from ใใ‚‹) look similar โ€” context is key.

A  โ€” Flashcards

Click a card to flip it. Use โ–ถ to hear the Japanese.

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B  โ€” Listen & Choose the Meaning

Press โ–ถ to hear each phrase, then choose the correct English meaning.

D  โ€” Listen & Write in Romaji

Press โ–ถ to hear each phrase, then type what you heard in romaji.

๐Ÿ’ก Tip: Long vowels โ†’ double the vowel (ใŠใ† = ou / oo). Double consonants โ†’ write them twice (ใใฃใฆ = kitte).

Why verb groups matter

Every Japanese verb belongs to one of three groups. The group determines how the verb changes in every tense and form โ€” ใพใ™, ใฆ-form, ใชใ„-form, ใŸ-form, and beyond. Getting the group right now saves confusion for all future grammar.   โ€ข Group 1 (godan): most verbs, end in ใ†-row kana   โ€ข Group 2 (ichidan): end in ใ„ใ‚‹ or ใˆใ‚‹ (usually)   โ€ข Group 3: only ใ™ใ‚‹ and ใใ‚‹ โ€” fully irregular.
ใฎใ‚€ (Group 1) โ†’ ใฎใฟใพใ™ / ใฎใ‚“ใง / ใฎใพใชใ„
nomu โ†’ nomimasu / nonde / nomanai
drink โ†’ drinks (polite) / drinking / don't drink

The "fake Group 2" problem

Some Group 1 verbs end in ใ„ใ‚‹ or ใˆใ‚‹, which looks exactly like Group 2. These must be memorised.   โ€ข ใ‹ใˆใ‚‹ (return) โ†’ ใ‹ใˆใ‚Šใพใ™ (Group 1, NOT ใ‹ใˆใพใ™)   โ€ข ใฏใ„ใ‚‹ (enter) โ†’ ใฏใ„ใ‚Šใพใ™   โ€ข ใ—ใ‚‹ (know) โ†’ ใ—ใ‚Šใพใ™   โ€ข ใฏใ—ใ‚‹ (run) โ†’ ใฏใ—ใ‚Šใพใ™   โ€ข ใใ‚‹ (cut) โ†’ ใใ‚Šใพใ™. Compare: ใŸในใ‚‹ (eat) โ†’ ใŸในใพใ™ (Group 2, DROP ใ‚‹).
[Group 2 verb] โ†’ drop ใ‚‹ + ใพใ™
[ru-verb] โ†’ drop ru + masu
→ ใŸในใ‚‹ โ†’ ใŸในใพใ™ / ใฟใ‚‹ โ†’ ใฟใพใ™
ใใ‚‹ (Group 1: to cut) โ†’ ใใ‚Šใพใ™ โ‰  ใฟใ‚‹ (Group 2: to see) โ†’ ใฟใพใ™
kiru โ†’ kirimasu โ‰  miru โ†’ mimasu
cut โ†’ cuts (polite) โ‰  see โ†’ sees (polite)

ใพใ™-form as the default for polite speech

In Japanese, ใพใ™-form is the standard register for speaking to strangers, teachers, colleagues, and anyone you are not close friends with. It is used for:   โ€ข Present and future actions (context distinguishes)   โ€ข Habitual actions   โ€ข Invitations (๏ฝžใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹)   โ€ข Requests (๏ฝžใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹). Plain form (dictionary form) is for close friends, family, or internal monologue.
ใพใ„ใซใก ใซใปใ‚“ใ”ใ‚’ ในใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใ†ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
Mainichi nihongo o benkyou shimasu.
I study Japanese every day. (polite, habitual)

๏ฝžใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† and ๏ฝžใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ โ€” quick preview

Two useful extensions of the ใพใ™-stem:   โ€ข ๏ฝžใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† = "Let's โ€”" (strong suggestion, includes both speaker and listener)   โ€ข ๏ฝžใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ = "Shall I/we โ€”?" (offering, softer). Both use the ใพใ™-stem (ใพใ™ form minus ใพใ™).
[ใพใ™-stem] ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
[masu-stem] mashou
→ "Let's [verb]."
ใ„ใฃใ—ใ‚‡ใซ ใŸในใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚/ ใฆใคใ ใ„ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ใ€‚
Issho ni tabemashou. / Tetsudaimashou ka.
Let's eat together. / Shall I help you?

ใ™ใ‚‹ compound verbs

Many Japanese nouns (often loanwords or sino-Japanese words) become verbs by adding ใ™ใ‚‹. These are all Group 3 โ€” conjugate the ใ™ใ‚‹ part:   โ€ข ในใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใ†ใ™ใ‚‹ โ†’ ในใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใ†ใ—ใพใ™ (to study)   โ€ข ใ‚Šใ‚‡ใ“ใ†ใ™ใ‚‹ โ†’ ใ‚Šใ‚‡ใ“ใ†ใ—ใพใ™ (to travel)   โ€ข ใ†ใ‚“ใฉใ†ใ™ใ‚‹ โ†’ ใ†ใ‚“ใฉใ†ใ—ใพใ™ (to exercise)   โ€ข ใใ†ใ˜ใ™ใ‚‹ โ†’ ใใ†ใ˜ใ—ใพใ™ (to clean). The noun part never changes.
ใ—ใ‚…ใ†ใพใคใซ ใ†ใ‚“ใฉใ†ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
Shuumatsu ni undou shimasu.
I exercise on weekends.
JapaneseRomajiEnglishโ–ถ
ใ‹ใ kaku to write (G1)
ใฏใชใ™ hanasu to speak (G1)
ใพใค matsu to wait (G1)
ใฎใ‚€ nomu to drink (G1)
ใ‚ใใถ asobu to play (G1)
ใ‹ใ† kau to buy (G1)
ใŸในใ‚‹ taberu to eat (G2)
ใฟใ‚‹ miru to see / watch (G2)
ใŠใใ‚‹ okiru to wake up (G2)
ใญใ‚‹ neru to sleep (G2)
ใ™ใ‚‹ suru to do (G3 irregular)
ใใ‚‹ kuru to come (G3 irregular)