๐ฏ๐ต JAPANESE ยท N5 GRAMMAR
Grammar 09 โ Verb Groups & ใพใ-Form
ใฉใใใฎ ใฐใซใผใ ใจ ใพใ ยท Doushi no Guruupu to Masu
Grammar Explanation & Practice
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๐ Formation Reference โ Verb Groups & ใพใ-Form
How to identify Japanese verb groups and convert to polite ใพใ-form. Press โถ to hear examples.
GROUP 1 (godan / u-verbs) โ final kana โ ใ-row + ใพใ
| Dictionary Form | ใพใ-Form | Meaning | โถ |
|---|---|---|---|
| ใใ | ใใใพใ kakimasu |
to write | |
| ใฏใชใ | ใฏใชใใพใ hanashimasu |
to speak | |
| ใพใค | ใพใกใพใ machimasu |
to wait | |
| ใฎใ | ใฎใฟใพใ nomimasu |
to drink | |
| ใใใถ | ใใใณใพใ asobimasu |
to play | |
| ใใ | ใใใพใ kaimasu |
to buy |
GROUP 2 (ichidan / ru-verbs) โ drop ใ, add ใพใ
| Dictionary Form | ใพใ-Form | Meaning | โถ |
|---|---|---|---|
| ใในใ | ใในใพใ tabemasu |
to eat | |
| ใฟใ | ใฟใพใ mimasu |
to see / to watch | |
| ใใใ | ใใใพใ okimasu |
to wake up | |
| ใญใ | ใญใพใ nemasu |
to sleep |
GROUP 3 (irregular) โ memorise these two
| Dictionary Form | ใพใ-Form | Meaning | โถ |
|---|---|---|---|
| ใใ | ใใพใ shimasu |
to do | |
| ใใ | ใใพใ kimasu |
to come |
ใพใ-FORM CONJUGATION TABLE
| Form | ใในใ (Group 2) | ใใ (Group 1) |
|---|---|---|
| Present โ | ใในใพใ tabemasu |
ใใใพใ kakimasu |
| Present โ | ใในใพใใ tabemasen |
ใใใพใใ kakimasen |
| Past โ | ใในใพใใ tabemashita |
ใใใพใใ kakimashita |
| Past โ | ใในใพใใใงใใ tabemasen deshita |
ใใใพใใใงใใ kakimasen deshita |
โ TRICKY GROUP 1 VERBS โ look like Group 2 but are NOT
| Verb | Meaning | Group | ใพใ-Form |
|---|---|---|---|
| ใใใ | to return | Group 1 | ใใใใพใ |
| ใฏใใ | to enter | Group 1 | ใฏใใใพใ |
| ใใ | to know | Group 1 | ใใใพใ |
| ใฏใใ | to run | Group 1 | ใฏใใใพใ |
| ใใ | to cut | Group 1 | ใใใพใ |
๐ฃ Example Sentences
See how ใพใ-form works in context. Press โถ to hear each sentence.
PRESENT & HABITUAL
Habit
ใพใใใ ใใใใซ ใใใพใใ
Maiasa roku-ji ni okimasu.
I wake up at 6 every morning.
ใพใใใ ใใใใซ
ใใใพใ
maiasa roku-ji ni
okimasu
→ "I wake up at 6 every morning." (Group 2: ใใใ โ ใใใพใ)
Study
ใซใปใใใ ในใใใใใใพใใ
Nihongo o benkyou shimasu.
I study Japanese.
ใซใปใใใ
ในใใใใ
ใใพใ
nihongo o
benkyou
shimasu
→ "I study Japanese." (ใใ compound verb)
Invitation
ใณใผใใผใ ใฎใฟใพใใใใ
Koohii o nomimasen ka.
Would you like to drink coffee?
Weekend
ใใ
ใใพใค ใชใซใ ใใพใใใ
Shuumatsu nani o shimasu ka.
What will you do on the weekend?
PAST TENSE
Past โ
ใใฎใ ใใใใ ใฟใพใใใ
Kinou eiga o mimashita.
I watched a movie yesterday.
Past โ
ใใฎใ ใใฃใใใซ ใใใพใใใงใใใ
Kinou gakkou ni ikimasen deshita.
I didn't go to school yesterday.
ใใฎใ
ใใฃใใใซ
ใใใพใใใงใใ
kinou
gakkou ni
ikimasen deshita
→ "I didn't go to school yesterday." (Group 1: ใใ โ ใใใพใ โ past negative)
Past โ
ใฆใใฟใ ใใใพใใใ
Tegami o kakimashita.
I wrote a letter.
IRREGULAR VERBS
ใใ
ใจใใ ใกใ ใใพใใ
Tomodachi ga kimasu.
A friend is coming.
Group 2 shortcut: vowel before ใ is ใ or ใ โ probably Group 2
โ
GROUP 2 (ru-verb)
ใในใ โ ใในใพใ
taberu โ tabemasu
to eat โ eats (polite)
Vowel before ใ is ใ (e) โ Group 2. Simply drop ใ and add ใพใ.
โ TRICKY โ LOOKS like Group 2
ใใใ โ ใใใใพใ
kaeru โ kaerimasu
to return โ returns (polite)
Ends in ใใ but is Group 1. Must memorise these exceptions.
Group 1 ใพใ rule: change final kana to its ใ-row equivalent
โ
CORRECT
ใฎใ โ ใฎใฟใพใ
nomu โ nomimasu
to drink โ drinks (polite)
ใ (mu) โ ใฟ (mi) + ใพใ. Always shift to the ใ-row.
โ COMMON MISTAKE
ใฎใ โ โ ใฎใใพใ
nomu โ โ nomumasu
Leaving the ใ-row kana unchanged
Never attach ใพใ directly to the dictionary form of a Group 1 verb.
๏ฝใพใใใ โ polite invitation
โ
INVITATION
ใใฃใใใซ ใในใพใใใใ
Issho ni tabemasen ka.
Shall we eat together?
๏ฝใพใใใ adds a soft, polite invitation nuance.
โ
NEGATIVE QUESTION
ใณใผใใผใ ใฎใฟใพใใใใ
Koohii o nomimasen ka.
Would you like some coffee?
Same form โ context determines whether it is an invitation or a plain negative question.
Irregular verbs: ใใ โ ใใพใ, ใใ โ ใใพใ
โ
CORRECT
ในใใใใใใพใใ
Benkyou shimasu.
I study. (ใใ compound)
Any noun + ใใ becomes a verb. ใใ โ ใใพใ in polite form.
โ COMMON MISTAKE
โ ในใใใใใใพใ โ ในใใใใใใพใ
โ confusing ใใ โ ใใพใ with ใใ (to cut) โ ใใใพใ
ใใพใ = comes. ใใใพใ = cuts.
ใใพใ (from ใใ) and ใใใพใ (from ใใ) look similar โ context is key.
A โ Flashcards
Click a card to flip it. Use โถ to hear the Japanese.
tap to flip
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B โ Listen & Choose the Meaning
Press โถ to hear each phrase, then choose the correct English meaning.
D โ Listen & Write in Romaji
Press โถ to hear each phrase, then type what you heard in romaji.
๐ก Tip: Long vowels โ double the vowel (ใใ = ou / oo). Double consonants โ write them twice (ใใฃใฆ = kitte).
Why verb groups matter
Every Japanese verb belongs to one of three groups. The group determines how the verb changes in every tense and form โ ใพใ, ใฆ-form, ใชใ-form, ใ-form, and beyond. Getting the group right now saves confusion for all future grammar. โข Group 1 (godan): most verbs, end in ใ-row kana โข Group 2 (ichidan): end in ใใ or ใใ (usually) โข Group 3: only ใใ and ใใ โ fully irregular.
ใฎใ (Group 1) โ ใฎใฟใพใ / ใฎใใง / ใฎใพใชใ
nomu โ nomimasu / nonde / nomanai
drink โ drinks (polite) / drinking / don't drink
The "fake Group 2" problem
Some Group 1 verbs end in ใใ or ใใ, which looks exactly like Group 2. These must be memorised. โข ใใใ (return) โ ใใใใพใ (Group 1, NOT ใใใพใ) โข ใฏใใ (enter) โ ใฏใใใพใ โข ใใ (know) โ ใใใพใ โข ใฏใใ (run) โ ใฏใใใพใ โข ใใ (cut) โ ใใใพใ. Compare: ใในใ (eat) โ ใในใพใ (Group 2, DROP ใ).
[Group 2 verb]
โ drop ใ +
ใพใ
[ru-verb]
โ drop ru +
masu
→ ใในใ โ ใในใพใ / ใฟใ โ ใฟใพใ
ใใ (Group 1: to cut) โ ใใใพใ โ ใฟใ (Group 2: to see) โ ใฟใพใ
kiru โ kirimasu โ miru โ mimasu
cut โ cuts (polite) โ see โ sees (polite)
ใพใ-form as the default for polite speech
In Japanese, ใพใ-form is the standard register for speaking to strangers, teachers, colleagues, and anyone you are not close friends with. It is used for: โข Present and future actions (context distinguishes) โข Habitual actions โข Invitations (๏ฝใพใใใ) โข Requests (๏ฝใพใใใใ). Plain form (dictionary form) is for close friends, family, or internal monologue.
ใพใใซใก ใซใปใใใ ในใใใใใใพใใ
Mainichi nihongo o benkyou shimasu.
I study Japanese every day. (polite, habitual)
๏ฝใพใใใ and ๏ฝใพใใใใ โ quick preview
Two useful extensions of the ใพใ-stem: โข ๏ฝใพใใใ = "Let's โ" (strong suggestion, includes both speaker and listener) โข ๏ฝใพใใใใ = "Shall I/we โ?" (offering, softer). Both use the ใพใ-stem (ใพใ form minus ใพใ).
[ใพใ-stem]
ใพใใใ
[masu-stem]
mashou
→ "Let's [verb]."
ใใฃใใใซ ใในใพใใใใ/ ใฆใคใ ใใพใใใใใ
Issho ni tabemashou. / Tetsudaimashou ka.
Let's eat together. / Shall I help you?
ใใ compound verbs
Many Japanese nouns (often loanwords or sino-Japanese words) become verbs by adding ใใ. These are all Group 3 โ conjugate the ใใ part: โข ในใใใใใใ โ ในใใใใใใพใ (to study) โข ใใใใใใ โ ใใใใใใพใ (to travel) โข ใใใฉใใใ โ ใใใฉใใใพใ (to exercise) โข ใใใใใ โ ใใใใใพใ (to clean). The noun part never changes.
ใใ
ใใพใคใซ ใใใฉใใใพใใ
Shuumatsu ni undou shimasu.
I exercise on weekends.
| Japanese | Romaji | English | โถ |
|---|---|---|---|
| ใใ | kaku | to write (G1) | |
| ใฏใชใ | hanasu | to speak (G1) | |
| ใพใค | matsu | to wait (G1) | |
| ใฎใ | nomu | to drink (G1) | |
| ใใใถ | asobu | to play (G1) | |
| ใใ | kau | to buy (G1) | |
| ใในใ | taberu | to eat (G2) | |
| ใฟใ | miru | to see / watch (G2) | |
| ใใใ | okiru | to wake up (G2) | |
| ใญใ | neru | to sleep (G2) | |
| ใใ | suru | to do (G3 irregular) | |
| ใใ | kuru | to come (G3 irregular) |