JLPT N2 reference · Formal connections
にもかかわらず
It marks a strong contradiction between an established circumstance and the actual result.
Core meaning and form
Attach にもかかわらず to a noun or plain clause; nouns and な-adjectives may use であるにもかかわらず. It is formal and emphatic; のに is more personal and conversational.
- Form: Attach にもかかわらず to a noun or plain clause; nouns and な-adjectives may use であるにもかかわらず.
- Core use: It marks a strong contradiction between an established circumstance and the actual result.
- Context: It is formal and emphatic; のに is more personal and conversational.
Examples in context
大雨にもかかわらず、試合は行われた。Ōame ni mo kakawarazu, shiai wa okonawareta.Despite the heavy rain, the match was held.
何度も注意したにもかかわらず、改善されなかった。Nando mo chūi shita ni mo kakawarazu, kaizen sarenakatta.Despite repeated warnings, it did not improve.
休日であるにもかかわらず、店は混んでいない。Kyūjitsu de aru ni mo kakawarazu, mise wa konde inai.Although it is a holiday, the shop is not crowded.
Common errors
- Do not select this pattern from an English translation alone; check its attachment and discourse function.
- Keep the surrounding sentence in a consistent plain, polite, spoken, or written register.
Quick summary
- Attach にもかかわらず to a noun or plain clause; nouns and な-adjectives may use であるにもかかわらず.
- It marks a strong contradiction between an established circumstance and the actual result.
- It is formal and emphatic; のに is more personal and conversational.