๐Ÿ‡ฏ๐Ÿ‡ต JAPANESE ยท N5

Lesson 06 โ€” Countries & Nationalities

ใใซใจ ใ“ใจใฐ  ยท  Kuni to Kotoba

Listening & Speaking Practice  ยท  Formal ยท Standard ยท Casual

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๐Ÿ“‹ Expression Reference

Key phrases for talking about countries, nationalities, and languages across all registers. Press โ–ถ to hear any expression.

ExpressionRomajiTypical ResponseContext / Use
ใฉใกใ‚‰ใฎ ใ”ๅ‡บ่บซใง ใ„ใ‚‰ใฃใ—ใ‚ƒใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
Dochira no go-shusshin de irasshaimasu ka? ใ‚ชใƒผใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใƒชใ‚ขใ‹ใ‚‰ ใพใ„ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚Oosutoraria kara mairimashita. Where are you from? โ€” ใ„ใ‚‰ใฃใ—ใ‚ƒใ‚‹ is honorific; ใ”ๅ‡บ่บซ is the polite form of ๅ‡บ่บซ; ใพใ„ใ‚‹ is humble for ใใ‚‹/ใ„ใ
ใŠใใซใฎ ใ“ใจใฐใ‚’ ใŠใฏใชใ—ใซ ใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
Okuni no kotoba wo ohanashi ni narimasu ka? ใˆใ„ใ”ใ‚’ ใฏใชใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚Eigo wo hanashimasu. Do you speak your country's language? โ€” ใŠใใซ is the polite form of ใใซ; ใŠใฏใชใ—ใซใชใ‚‹ is honorific for ใฏใชใ™
ใซใปใ‚“ใ”ใ‚’ ใŠในใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใ†ใซ ใชใฃใฆ ใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
Nihongo wo obenkyou ni natte imasu ka? ใฏใ„ใ€ใ™ใ“ใ— ในใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใ†ใ—ใฆ ใŠใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚Hai, sukoshi benkyou shite orimasu. Are you studying Japanese? โ€” ใŠในใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใ†ใซใชใ‚‹ is honorific; ใŠใ‚Šใพใ™ is humble for ใ„ใพใ™
ExpressionRomajiTypical ResponseContext / Use
ใฉใ“ใฎ ใใซใ‹ใ‚‰ ใใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸ
Doko no kuni kara kimashita ka? [COUNTRY]ใ‹ใ‚‰ ใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚[COUNTRY] kara kimashita. Which country are you from? โ€” ใฎ here means "of" (ใฉใ“ใฎ ใใซ = which country); ใ‹ใ‚‰ = from
ใฉใฎ ใ“ใจใฐใ‚’ ใฏใชใ—ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
Dono kotoba wo hanashimasu ka? [LANGUAGE]่ชžใ‚’ ใฏใชใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚[LANGUAGE]-go wo hanashimasu. Which language do you speak? โ€” ใ“ใจใฐ = language/word (colloquial); more formal: ใ’ใ‚“ใ”
[LANGUAGE]่ชžใŒ ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
[LANGUAGE]-go ga wakarimasu ka? ใฏใ„ใ€ใ™ใ“ใ— ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚Hai, sukoshi wakarimasu. Do you understand ~? โ€” ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‹ uses ใŒ (not ใ‚’): the language is the subject of understanding, not an object you act on
ใซใปใ‚“ใ”ใ‚’ ในใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใ†ใ—ใฆ ใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
Nihongo wo benkyou shite imasu ka? ใฏใ„ใ€ใพใ  ในใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใ†ใ—ใฆ ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚Hai, mada benkyou shite imasu. Are you studying Japanese? โ€” ใพใ  = "still"; ในใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใ†ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ = te-iru expressing ongoing activity
ExpressionRomajiTypical ResponseContext / Use
ใฉใ“ๅ‡บ่บซ๏ผŸ
Doko shusshin? [COUNTRY]ๅ‡บ่บซใ ใ‚ˆใ€‚[COUNTRY] shusshin da yo. Where are you from? โ€” ใงใ™ dropped entirely; ใ ใ‚ˆ adds casual assertion
ใชใซ่ชž ใฏใชใ™ใฎ๏ผŸ
Nani-go hanasu no? [LANG]ใจ [LANG]ใ€ใฏใชใ›ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ€‚[lang] to [lang], hanaseru yo. What language(s) do you speak? โ€” ใฎ at the end makes it a soft question; ใฏใชใ›ใ‚‹ = casual potential form
ใซใปใ‚“ใ” ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‹๏ผŸ
Nihongo wakaru? ใ™ใ“ใ— ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ€‚Sukoshi wakaru yo. Do you understand Japanese? โ€” dictionary form (ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‹) used as casual question; ใ‚ˆ adds light assertion

Countries most represented among Japanese language learners worldwide, plus all 27 EU member states. Press โ–ถ to hear the Japanese country name.

๐ŸŒ Asia & Oceania โ€” Top Japanese Learner Countries
JapaneseRomajiEnglish๏ฝžไบบ (nationality)๏ฝž่ชž (language)
ๆ—ฅๆœฌ ใซใปใ‚“ ยท NihonJapanๆ—ฅๆœฌไบบ (ใซใปใ‚“ใ˜ใ‚“)ๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ชž (ใซใปใ‚“ใ”)
ไธญๅ›ฝ ใกใ‚…ใ†ใ”ใ ยท ChuugokuChinaไธญๅ›ฝไบบ (ใกใ‚…ใ†ใ”ใใ˜ใ‚“)ไธญๅ›ฝ่ชž (ใกใ‚…ใ†ใ”ใใ”)
้Ÿ“ๅ›ฝ ใ‹ใ‚“ใ“ใ ยท KankokuSouth Korea้Ÿ“ๅ›ฝไบบ (ใ‹ใ‚“ใ“ใใ˜ใ‚“)้Ÿ“ๅ›ฝ่ชž (ใ‹ใ‚“ใ“ใใ”)
ใŸใ„ใ‚ใ‚“ TaiwanTaiwanใŸใ„ใ‚ใ‚“ไบบไธญๅ›ฝ่ชž
ใ‚คใƒณใƒ‰ใƒใ‚ทใ‚ข IndoneshiaIndonesiaใ‚คใƒณใƒ‰ใƒใ‚ทใ‚ขไบบใ‚คใƒณใƒ‰ใƒใ‚ทใ‚ข่ชž
ใ‚ฟใ‚ค TaiThailandใ‚ฟใ‚คไบบใ‚ฟใ‚ค่ชž
ใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒชใƒ”ใƒณ FiripinPhilippinesใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒชใƒ”ใƒณไบบใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒชใƒ”ใƒณ่ชž / ่‹ฑ่ชž
ใƒ™ใƒˆใƒŠใƒ  BetonamuVietnamใƒ™ใƒˆใƒŠใƒ ไบบใƒ™ใƒˆใƒŠใƒ ่ชž
ใ‚ชใƒผใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใƒชใ‚ข โ‰  ใ‚ชใƒผใ‚นใƒˆใƒชใ‚ขOosutorariaAustraliaใ‚ชใƒผใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใƒชใ‚ขไบบ่‹ฑ่ชž (ใˆใ„ใ”)
๐ŸŒŽ Americas
JapaneseRomajiEnglish๏ฝžไบบ (nationality)๏ฝž่ชž (language)
ใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซ AmerikaUSAใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซไบบ่‹ฑ่ชž (ใˆใ„ใ”)
ใƒ–ใƒฉใ‚ธใƒซ BurajiruBrazilใƒ–ใƒฉใ‚ธใƒซไบบใƒใƒซใƒˆใ‚ฌใƒซ่ชž
๐ŸŒ Europe โ€” UK & European Union (27 member states)
JapaneseRomajiEnglish๏ฝžไบบ (nationality)๏ฝž่ชž (language)
ใ‚คใ‚ฎใƒชใ‚น IgirisuUKใ‚คใ‚ฎใƒชใ‚นไบบ่‹ฑ่ชž (ใˆใ„ใ”)
ใƒ‰ใ‚คใƒ„ DoitsuGermanyใƒ‰ใ‚คใƒ„ไบบใƒ‰ใ‚คใƒ„่ชž
ใƒ•ใƒฉใƒณใ‚น FuransuFranceใƒ•ใƒฉใƒณใ‚นไบบใƒ•ใƒฉใƒณใ‚น่ชž
ใ‚นใƒšใ‚คใƒณ SupeinSpainใ‚นใƒšใ‚คใƒณไบบใ‚นใƒšใ‚คใƒณ่ชž
ใ‚คใ‚ฟใƒชใ‚ข ItariaItalyใ‚คใ‚ฟใƒชใ‚ขไบบใ‚คใ‚ฟใƒชใ‚ข่ชž
ใƒใƒซใƒˆใ‚ฌใƒซ PorutogaruPortugalใƒใƒซใƒˆใ‚ฌใƒซไบบใƒใƒซใƒˆใ‚ฌใƒซ่ชž
ใ‚ชใƒฉใƒณใƒ€ OrandaNetherlandsใ‚ชใƒฉใƒณใƒ€ไบบใ‚ชใƒฉใƒณใƒ€่ชž
ใƒ™ใƒซใ‚ฎใƒผ BerugiiBelgiumใƒ™ใƒซใ‚ฎใƒผไบบใƒ•ใƒฉใƒณใ‚น่ชž / ใ‚ชใƒฉใƒณใƒ€่ชž
ใ‚ชใƒผใ‚นใƒˆใƒชใ‚ข โ‰  ใ‚ชใƒผใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใƒชใ‚ขOosutoriaAustriaใ‚ชใƒผใ‚นใƒˆใƒชใ‚ขไบบใƒ‰ใ‚คใƒ„่ชž
ใ‚นใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒผใƒ‡ใƒณ SuweedenSwedenใ‚นใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒผใƒ‡ใƒณไบบใ‚นใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒผใƒ‡ใƒณ่ชž
ใƒ‡ใƒณใƒžใƒผใ‚ฏ DenmaakuDenmarkใƒ‡ใƒณใƒžใƒผใ‚ฏไบบใƒ‡ใƒณใƒžใƒผใ‚ฏ่ชž
ใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒณใƒฉใƒณใƒ‰ FinrandoFinlandใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒณใƒฉใƒณใƒ‰ไบบใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒณใƒฉใƒณใƒ‰่ชž
ใƒใƒผใƒฉใƒณใƒ‰ PoorandoPolandใƒใƒผใƒฉใƒณใƒ‰ไบบใƒใƒผใƒฉใƒณใƒ‰่ชž
ใƒใ‚งใ‚ณ ChekoCzechiaใƒใ‚งใ‚ณไบบใƒใ‚งใ‚ณ่ชž
ใƒใƒณใ‚ฌใƒชใƒผ HangariiHungaryใƒใƒณใ‚ฌใƒชใƒผไบบใƒใƒณใ‚ฌใƒชใƒผ่ชž
ใƒซใƒผใƒžใƒ‹ใ‚ข RuumaniaRomaniaใƒซใƒผใƒžใƒ‹ใ‚ขไบบใƒซใƒผใƒžใƒ‹ใ‚ข่ชž
ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฌใƒชใ‚ข BurugariaBulgariaใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฌใƒชใ‚ขไบบใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฌใƒชใ‚ข่ชž
ใ‚ฎใƒชใ‚ทใƒฃ GirishaGreeceใ‚ฎใƒชใ‚ทใƒฃไบบใ‚ฎใƒชใ‚ทใƒฃ่ชž
ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒซใƒฉใƒณใƒ‰ AirurandoIrelandใ‚ขใ‚คใƒซใƒฉใƒณใƒ‰ไบบ่‹ฑ่ชž
ใ‚ฏใƒญใ‚ขใƒใ‚ข KuroachiaCroatiaใ‚ฏใƒญใ‚ขใƒใ‚ขไบบใ‚ฏใƒญใ‚ขใƒใ‚ข่ชž
ใ‚นใƒญใƒใ‚ญใ‚ข SurobakiaSlovakiaใ‚นใƒญใƒใ‚ญใ‚ขไบบใ‚นใƒญใƒใ‚ญใ‚ข่ชž
ใ‚นใƒญใƒ™ใƒ‹ใ‚ข SurobeniaSloveniaใ‚นใƒญใƒ™ใƒ‹ใ‚ขไบบใ‚นใƒญใƒ™ใƒ‹ใ‚ข่ชž
ใ‚จใ‚นใƒˆใƒ‹ใ‚ข EsutoniaEstoniaใ‚จใ‚นใƒˆใƒ‹ใ‚ขไบบใ‚จใ‚นใƒˆใƒ‹ใ‚ข่ชž
ใƒฉใƒˆใƒ“ใ‚ข RatobiaLatviaใƒฉใƒˆใƒ“ใ‚ขไบบใƒฉใƒˆใƒ“ใ‚ข่ชž
ใƒชใƒˆใ‚ขใƒ‹ใ‚ข RitoaniaLithuaniaใƒชใƒˆใ‚ขใƒ‹ใ‚ขไบบใƒชใƒˆใ‚ขใƒ‹ใ‚ข่ชž
ใƒซใ‚ฏใ‚ปใƒณใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏ RukusenburukuLuxembourgใƒซใ‚ฏใ‚ปใƒณใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏไบบใƒ•ใƒฉใƒณใ‚น่ชž / ใƒ‰ใ‚คใƒ„่ชž
ใƒžใƒซใ‚ฟ MarutaMaltaใƒžใƒซใ‚ฟไบบใƒžใƒซใ‚ฟ่ชž
ใ‚ญใƒ—ใƒญใ‚น KipurosuCyprusใ‚ญใƒ—ใƒญใ‚นไบบใ‚ฎใƒชใ‚ทใƒฃ่ชž

โš  ใ‚ชใƒผใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใƒชใ‚ข (Australia) vs ใ‚ชใƒผใ‚นใƒˆใƒชใ‚ข (Austria) โ€” one extra syllable, completely different countries. A very common confusion for Japanese learners!

๐Ÿ—ฃ Mini Dialogues

Three short scenes about countries and languages at different formality levels. Press โ–ถ to hear each line.

A โ€” FORMAL ยท International Academic Conference
ใ‚จใƒž
ใฏใ˜ใ‚ใพใ—ใฆใ€‚ใ‚ใŸใใ—ใฏ ใ‚จใƒžใจ ใ‚‚ใ†ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ‚ชใƒผใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใƒชใ‚ขใฎ ใ‚ทใƒ‰ใƒ‹ใƒผใ‹ใ‚‰ ใพใ„ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
Hajimemashite. Watakushi wa Ema to moushimasu. Oosutoraria no Shidonii kara mairimashita.
How do you do. My name is Emma. I have come from Sydney, Australia.
[COUNTRY] ใฎ [CITY] ใ‹ใ‚‰ ใพใ„ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
[country] no [city] kara mairimashita.
from [country] of [city] came [humble].
โ†’ ใพใ„ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ is the humble (ใ‘ใ‚“ใ˜ใ‚‡ใ†ใ”) form of ใใพใ—ใŸ โ€” used in formal contexts to show deference.
ใ‚„ใพใ 
ใŠใใซใฎ ใ“ใจใฐใ‚’ ใŠใฏใชใ—ใซ ใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
Okuni no kotoba wo ohanashi ni narimasu ka?
Do you speak your country's language?
ใ‚จใƒž
ใˆใ„ใ”ใ‚’ ใฏใชใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใซใปใ‚“ใ”ใ‚‚ ใ™ใ“ใ— ในใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใ†ใ—ใฆ ใŠใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
Eigo wo hanashimasu. Nihongo mo sukoshi benkyou shite orimasu.
I speak English. I'm also studying a little Japanese.
B โ€” STANDARD ยท Language School Introduction
ใ‚ขใƒฌใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚น
ใฏใ˜ใ‚ใพใ—ใฆ๏ผใ‚ขใƒฌใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚นใงใ™ใ€‚ใƒใƒผใƒฉใƒณใƒ‰ใ‹ใ‚‰ ใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
Hajimemashite! Arekkusu desu. Poorando kara kimashita.
Nice to meet you! I'm Alex. I came from Poland.
ใฟใฉใ‚Š
ใใ†ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผใฉใฎ ใ“ใจใฐใ‚’ ใฏใชใ—ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
Sou desu ka! Dono kotoba wo hanashimasu ka?
Oh really! Which language do you speak?
ใ‚ขใƒฌใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚น
ใƒใƒผใƒฉใƒณใƒ‰่ชžใจ ใˆใ„ใ”ใ‚’ ใฏใชใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ„ใพ ใซใปใ‚“ใ”ใ‚’ ในใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใ†ใ—ใฆ ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
Poorando-go to eigo wo hanashimasu. Ima nihongo wo benkyou shite imasu.
I speak Polish and English. I'm studying Japanese now.
[LANG1] ใจ [LANG2] ใ‚’ ใฏใชใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
[lang1] to [lang2] wo hanashimasu.
[language1] and [language2] speak.
โ†’ ใจ = "and" when listing items. Add more languages with ใจ: ใˆใ„ใ”ใจ ใƒ•ใƒฉใƒณใ‚น่ชžใจ ใ‚นใƒšใ‚คใƒณ่ชžใ‚’ ใฏใชใ—ใพใ™.
C โ€” CASUAL ยท Friends at a Language Meetup
ใ‚†ใ
ใƒซใƒผใ‚ซใ‚นใฃใฆใ€ใฉใ“ๅ‡บ่บซใ ใฃใ‘๏ผŸ
Ruukasu tte, doko shusshin dakke?
Hey Lukas, where are you from again?
ใƒซใƒผใ‚ซใ‚น
ใƒ–ใƒฉใ‚ธใƒซๅ‡บ่บซใ ใ‚ˆ๏ผใƒใƒซใƒˆใ‚ฌใƒซ่ชžใจ ใˆใ„ใ”ใจ ใ™ใ“ใ— ใซใปใ‚“ใ”ใŒ ใฏใชใ›ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ€‚
Burajiru shusshin da yo! Porutogaru-go to eigo to sukoshi nihongo ga hanaseru yo.
I'm from Brazil! I can speak Portuguese, English, and a little Japanese.
[LANGUAGE] ใŒ ใฏใชใ›ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ€‚
[language] ga hanaseru yo.
[language] can speak [casual].
โ†’ ใฏใชใ›ใ‚‹ is the casual potential form of ใฏใชใ™. ใŒ (not ใ‚’) is used with potential verbs โ€” the ability is naturally described with ใŒ.
ใ‚†ใ
ใ™ใ”ใ„๏ผใ˜ใ‚ƒใ‚ ใ„ใฃใ—ใ‚‡ใซ ใซใปใ‚“ใ” ใฏใชใใ†ใ‚ˆ๏ผ
Sugoi! Jaa issho ni nihongo hanasou yo!
Wow! Then let's speak Japanese together!
1 ยท Ask / say where you're from
FORMAL
[COUNTRY]ใ‹ใ‚‰ ใพใ„ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
[country] kara mairimashita.
โ†’ "I came from [COUNTRY]." โ€” humble form; use ใพใ„ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ at conferences, formal meetings.
STANDARD
[COUNTRY]ใ‹ใ‚‰ ใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
[country] kara kimashita.
โ†’ "I came from [COUNTRY]." โ€” everyday polite form.
CASUAL
[COUNTRY]ๅ‡บ่บซใ ใ‚ˆใ€‚
[country] shusshin da yo.
โ†’ "I'm from [COUNTRY]." โ€” casual; ๅ‡บ่บซ implies birthplace/hometown.
2 ยท Say your nationality
STANDARD
[COUNTRY]ไบบใงใ™ใ€‚
[country]-jin desu.
โ†’ "I am [COUNTRY] (nationality)." โ€” attach ๏ฝžไบบ directly to the country name: ใƒใƒผใƒฉใƒณใƒ‰ไบบ, ใ‚คใ‚ฟใƒชใ‚ขไบบ, ใƒ–ใƒฉใ‚ธใƒซไบบ.
3 ยท Say which language you speak
STANDARD
[LANGUAGE]่ชžใ‚’ ใฏใชใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
[language]-go wo hanashimasu.
โ†’ "I speak [LANGUAGE]." โ€” ใ‚’ with ใฏใชใ—ใพใ™ (transitive verb).
CASUAL
[LANGUAGE]่ชžใŒ ใฏใชใ›ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ€‚
[language]-go ga hanaseru yo.
โ†’ "I can speak [LANGUAGE]." โ€” ใŒ with potential form ใฏใชใ›ใ‚‹.
4 ยท Say you understand a language
STANDARD
[LANGUAGE]่ชžใŒ ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
[language]-go ga wakarimasu.
โ†’ "I understand [LANGUAGE]." โ€” ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‹ always uses ใŒ. Add ใ™ใ“ใ— before ใŒ to mean "a little."

Exercise A โ€” Flashcard Practice

Click the card to flip it. Use the audio button on the front to hear the phrase first.

Tap to reveal
1 / 10

Exercise B โ€” Listen & Choose the Meaning

Press โ–ถ to hear each phrase, then select the correct English meaning.

Exercise C โ€” Choose the Right Response

Press โ–ถ to hear the prompt, then pick the most natural Japanese reply.

Exercise D โ€” Listen & Write in Romaji

Press โ–ถ Hear it and type what you hear in romaji. No capital letters or punctuation needed.

Type slowly and carefully โ€” hyphens and spaces don't matter as long as the sounds are correct.

Exercise E โ€” Shadowing Practice

Listen to each line, repeat it aloud, then mark it as practised. Complete all 9 lines to finish the exercise.

Shadowing tip: press โ–ถ, listen once, then say the line at the same time as the audio. Repeat 3โ€“5 times for muscle memory.
0 of 9 lines practised

Country names in Japanese โ€” kanji vs. katakana

Most country names in Japanese are written in katakana (phonetic transcription of the foreign name):
  โ€ข ใƒ•ใƒฉใƒณใ‚น (Furansu) = France  โ€ข ใƒ‰ใ‚คใƒ„ (Doitsu) = Germany  โ€ข ใ‚นใƒšใ‚คใƒณ (Supein) = Spain
However, three neighbouring countries use kanji:
  โ€ข ๆ—ฅๆœฌ (ใซใปใ‚“) = Japan  โ€ข ไธญๅ›ฝ (ใกใ‚…ใ†ใ”ใ) = China  โ€ข ้Ÿ“ๅ›ฝ (ใ‹ใ‚“ใ“ใ) = South Korea
Also note: ใƒ‰ใ‚คใƒ„ comes from the Dutch word "Duits," not the German "Deutschland." ใ‚คใ‚ฎใƒชใ‚น comes from Portuguese "Ingleses." These historical names are deeply embedded in Japanese.
ใƒ‰ใ‚คใƒ„ไบบใฎ ใจใ‚‚ใ ใกใŒ ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ‹ใ‚Œใฏ ใƒ‰ใ‚คใƒ„่ชžใจ ใˆใ„ใ”ใŒ ใฏใชใ›ใพใ™ใ€‚
Doitsu-jin no tomodachi ga imasu. Kare wa Doitsu-go to eigo ga hanasemasu.
I have a German friend. He can speak German and English.

๏ฝžไบบ (jin) โ€” the nationality suffix

Attach ๏ฝžไบบ directly to the country name to form the nationality:
  โ€ข ใƒใƒผใƒฉใƒณใƒ‰ โ†’ ใƒใƒผใƒฉใƒณใƒ‰ไบบ (Polish person)
  โ€ข ใ‚คใ‚ฟใƒชใ‚ข โ†’ ใ‚คใ‚ฟใƒชใ‚ขไบบ (Italian person)
  โ€ข ๆ—ฅๆœฌ โ†’ ๆ—ฅๆœฌไบบ (Japanese person)
It works the same way as saying "a [country] person." Use with ใงใ™: ใƒ–ใƒฉใ‚ธใƒซไบบใงใ™ = "I am Brazilian."
A: ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ ใฉใ“ใฎ ใใซใ‹ใ‚‰ ใใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸ  B: ใƒ•ใƒฉใƒณใ‚นใ‹ใ‚‰ ใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใƒ•ใƒฉใƒณใ‚นไบบใงใ™ใ€‚
A: Anata wa doko no kuni kara kimashita ka?   B: Furansu kara kimashita. Furansu-jin desu.
A: Which country are you from?   B: I came from France. I'm French.

๏ฝž่ชž (go) โ€” the language suffix

Attach ๏ฝž่ชž to the country name to form the language name:
  โ€ข ใ‚นใƒšใ‚คใƒณ โ†’ ใ‚นใƒšใ‚คใƒณ่ชž (Spanish)  โ€ข ใƒใƒซใƒˆใ‚ฌใƒซ โ†’ ใƒใƒซใƒˆใ‚ฌใƒซ่ชž (Portuguese)
  โ€ข ๆ—ฅๆœฌ โ†’ ๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ชž (Japanese)  โ€ข ไธญๅ›ฝ โ†’ ไธญๅ›ฝ่ชž (Chinese)
Exception: English = ่‹ฑ่ชž (ใˆใ„ใ”) โ€” ่‹ฑ comes from ่‹ฑๅ›ฝ (ใˆใ„ใ“ใ), an old kanji name for England.
ใ‚ใŸใ—ใฏ ใซใปใ‚“ใ”ใ€ใˆใ„ใ”ใ€ใ™ใ“ใ— ใกใ‚…ใ†ใ”ใใ”ใŒ ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
Watashi wa Nihongo, Eigo, sukoshi Chuugokugo ga wakarimasu.
I understand Japanese, English, and a little Chinese.

ใฏใชใ—ใพใ™ vs ใฏใชใ›ใพใ™ โ€” "speak" vs "can speak"

ใฏใชใ—ใพใ™ (hanashimasu) = I speak ~ (habitual / general fact)
ใฏใชใ›ใพใ™ (hanasemasu) = I can speak ~ (potential form โ€” expressing ability)
The potential form adds the nuance of ability. At N5 both are acceptable, but ใฏใชใ›ใพใ™ specifically highlights capability:
  โ€ข ใˆใ„ใ”ใ‚’ ใฏใชใ—ใพใ™ โ†’ "I speak English" (I do this regularly)
  โ€ข ใˆใ„ใ”ใŒ ใฏใชใ›ใพใ™ โ†’ "I can speak English" (I have this ability)
Note: potential form often uses ใŒ instead of ใ‚’.
A: ใซใปใ‚“ใ”ใŒ ใฏใชใ›ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ  B: ใฏใ„ใ€ใ™ใ“ใ— ใฏใชใ›ใพใ™ใ€‚ใพใ  ในใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใ†ใกใ‚…ใ†ใงใ™ใ€‚
A: Nihongo ga hanasemasu ka?   B: Hai, sukoshi hanasemasu. Mada benkyouchuu desu.
A: Can you speak Japanese?   B: Yes, a little. I'm still studying.

๏ฝž่ชžใŒ ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ โ€” "I understand ~" (ใŒ vs ใ‚’)

ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‹ (wakaru) = to understand / to know โ€” this verb always uses ใŒ, not ใ‚’:
  โœ… ใซใปใ‚“ใ”ใŒ ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ (correct)
  โŒ ใซใปใ‚“ใ”ใ‚’ ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ (unnatural)
This is because ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‹ is an intransitive verb โ€” the thing you understand is a grammatical subject (ใŒ), not a direct object (ใ‚’). The same applies to ใ™ใ (ใŒ ใ™ใใงใ™) and ใงใใ‚‹ (ใŒ ใงใใพใ™).
To say "a little": ใ™ใ“ใ— + language + ใŒ + ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™.
ใ‹ใ‚“ใ“ใใ”ใŒ ใ™ใ“ใ— ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใงใ‚‚ ใƒšใƒฉใƒšใƒฉใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
Kankokugo ga sukoshi wakarimasu. Demo perapera ja nai desu.
I understand a little Korean. But I'm not fluent.

ใ‹ใ‚‰ ใใพใ—ใŸ vs ใพใ„ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ โ€” register contrast

Both express "I came from ~" but differ in register:
  โ€ข ใ‹ใ‚‰ ใใพใ—ใŸ โ€” standard polite; used in everyday conversation, school, meetings with peers
  โ€ข ใ‹ใ‚‰ ใพใ„ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ โ€” humble (ใ‘ใ‚“ใ˜ใ‚‡ใ†ใ”); used in formal business settings, presentations, or when meeting very senior people
ใพใ„ใ‚‹ is the humble form of ใใ‚‹ and ใ„ใ. When speaking about yourself in formal contexts, use humble verbs to lower yourself and show respect to the listener.
ใ€ใตใคใ†ใ€‘ใƒ‰ใ‚คใƒ„ใ‹ใ‚‰ ใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚  ใ€ใ‘ใ‚“ใ˜ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‘ใƒ‰ใ‚คใƒ„ใ‹ใ‚‰ ใพใ„ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
[Standard] Doitsu kara kimashita.   [Humble] Doitsu kara mairimashita.
I came from Germany. โ€” standard vs. humble register.
JapaneseRomajiMeaning
ใใซkuniCountry
ใŠใใซokuniYour country (polite form of ใใซ)
ใ“ใจใฐkotobaLanguage / word (colloquial)
ใ’ใ‚“ใ”gengoLanguage (formal term)
๏ฝžไบบ~jin~ person / nationality suffix (e.g. ใƒ‰ใ‚คใƒ„ไบบ)
๏ฝž่ชž~go~ language suffix (e.g. ใƒ•ใƒฉใƒณใ‚น่ชž)
่‹ฑ่ชžeigoEnglish
ๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ชžnihongoJapanese
ใฏใชใ—ใพใ™hanashimasuTo speak
ใฏใชใ›ใพใ™hanasemasuCan speak (potential form)
ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™wakarimasuTo understand (always uses ใŒ)
ในใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใ†ใ—ใพใ™benkyou shimasuTo study
ใ™ใ“ใ—sukoshiA little
ใƒšใƒฉใƒšใƒฉperaperaFluent / fluently
ใพใ„ใ‚Šใพใ™mairimasuTo come / go (humble form of ใใพใ™/ใ„ใใพใ™)